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    In sum, if it seems that I have simply misunderstood what Kant and deontology are all about,
    it's because I am advancing an alternative hypothesis to the standard Kantian/deontological understanding
    of what Kant and deontology are all about. I am putting forth an empirical hypothesis
    about the hidden psychological essence of deontology, and it cannot be dismissed a priori
    for the same reason that tropical islanders cannot know a priori whether ice is a form of water.
    - Joshua Greene's (2008, p. 74) 'The secret joke of Kant's soul'

     

     

     

     

    Evolutionary History of the Human Brain

    Geologic time spiral by Joseph Graham, William Newman, & John Stacy
    1. Big History is a discipline that examines history from the Big Bang to the present:
    2. The Big History projectThe International Big History Association


    1. We can divide the history of the Earth into the following time intervals:
    2. Eons;
    3. Eras;
    4. Periods;
    5. Epochs


    Geological Timeline

    Number of years ago[1]

    Event
    13,787 ± 20 mya
    Big Bang and birth of the universe
    Image source: Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life
    4,540 ± 50 mya
    Birth of the Earth and the solar system
    Image source: Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life
    4,500-3,875 mya
    Hadean Eon: Formation of the Earth's core, curst, and oceans
    Image source: Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life
    3,875-2,750 mya
    Archaean Eon: First single-celled organisms on Earth and the production of the first oxygen (O2) by photosynthetic organisms
    Image source: Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life
    2,500-541 mya
    Proterozoic Eon: First eukaryotes or cells containing internal organs
    Image source: Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life
    541 mya-present
    Phanerozoic Eon: The current geologic eon
    Image source: Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life


    Image source: Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life


    1. Extinction Events:
    2. Late Ordovician Mass Extinction Event (445.2-440.8 mya):
    3. c. 85% of all Ordovician species was wiped out

    5. Late Devonian Extinction Event (375-360 mya):
    6. 70-80% of all species was wiped out

    8. Permian-Triassic (P-T) Extinction Event (252 mya):
    9. 90% of all species was wiped out

    11. Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) Extinction Event (201.3 mya):
    12. 76% of all marine and terrestrial species was wiped out

    14. Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Extinction Event (66 mya):
    15. c. 80% of all animal species was wiped out
    65 mya-present

    Cenozoic era (also known as the age of mammals): The current geologic era
    These rodent-like animals were the earliest known ancestors of human beings
    2.6 mya-11,700 years ago

    Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era
    Endocasts of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
    Source:Smithsonian


    The first modern humans or Homo sapiens emerged 300,000-200,000 years ago

    11,700 years ago-present

    Holocene epoch of the Quaternary period: The current geologic epoch
    2,600 years ago

    Birth of Western philosophy following the emergence of the Presocratics

    [1] 'mya' denotes 'million years ago'

    Our hunter-gatherer ancestor (Pleistocene epoch)


    Us (Holocene epoch)

    1. We are currently in the Holocene epoch of the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon
    2. We share our capacities for moral reasoning, moral judgment, and moral decision-making with our Pleistocene epoch hunter-gatherer ancestors


    'Our modern intellectual constitution was probably achieved in this [Pleistocene] period by about fifty thousand years ago, fully forty thousand years before the founding of the first cities and the invention of writing.'
    - Denis Dutton's (2009, p. 42) The Art Instinct
     

     

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